
If you were traversing the ancient Tethys ocean some 115 million years ago and encountered gigantic lamniform sharks, you’d most definitely need a bigger boat.
Lamniformes, an order of sharks that includes the great white of Jaws infamy, evolved around 135 million years ago and may have begun as wee, shallow water-dwelling creatures—around 3 feet long. But over time, they evolved into massive, fearsome fish that ruled the world’s oceans, for example the extinct megalodon that might have surpassed 50 feet long.
Previous evidence suggested that lamniformes swelled in size to hit the top of the marine food chain around 100 million years ago. Now, fossilized vertebrae found in Australia push this timeline back some 15 million years. These vertebrae appear to have belonged to a type of lamniform called a cardabiodontid, a hefty mega-predatory shark that swam among huge marine reptile neighbors such as plesiosaurs and ichthyosaurs while dinosaurs roamed land.
This ancient ocean beast weighed more than 3 tons and measured between around 20 and 26 feet long, scientists reported in Communications Biology. According to statistical analysis of data from almost 2,000 modern sharks, the authors suggest that this ancient shark ballooned in size relatively early in its evolutionary history, about 20 million years after lamniformes emerged.
“This discovery changes the timeline for when sharks started getting really big,” said study author Mikael Siversson, a paleontologist at the Western Australian Museum, in a statement. “It turns out, they evolved a giant body size much earlier than we originally thought and were already top predators in shallow seas.”
Read more: “You’re Going to Need a Bigger Light”
The cardabiodontid vertebrae were discovered at a dig site called the Darwin Formation in northern Australia, which was once part of a shallow shelf bordering the Tethys ocean that sat between modern-day Australia and Europe. The same site has also revealed ancient marine reptiles, ray-finned fish, and other types of sharks.
The shark fossils were a rare find: Their skeletons are made of rubbery cartilage and don’t tend to stick around, so most known shark remnants are teeth. But these vertebrae were partially mineralized, keeping them relatively well preserved over the millennia.
Overall, the recent cardabiodontid findings reveal “a lot about how ancient food webs worked” Siversson said, and show “just how important Australia’s fossil sites are for understanding prehistoric life.”
Enjoying Nautilus? Subscribe to our free newsletter.
Lead image: Polyanna von Knorring, Swedish Museum of Natural History
This story was originally featured on Nautilus.
LATEST POSTS
- 1
The largest sun of 2026 rises today as Earth draws closest to our parent star - 2
World’s tallest bridge and biggest museum named ‘greatest places of 2026’ - 3
Ancient meditation practices find new life in modern religious communities across America - 4
Hundreds of Gazans evacuated from Strip for medical treatment - COGAT - 5
Mummified cheetahs found in Saudi caves shed light on lost populations
Alleged maple syrup scam in Quebec uncovered by Canadian broadcaster
Protest inspired by 'Gen Z' movement draws few young people in Mexico and many government critics
Takeda's AI-crafted psoriasis pill succeeds in late-stage studies
Scientists solve the mystery of the prehistoric 'Burtele Foot'
Photos: Hundreds Gather at Bondi Beach After Deadly Attack
What were the little white pills found in Tiger Woods's pocket at the scene of his crash? What to know about hydrocodone.
Human evolution’s biggest mystery has started to unravel. How 2025 tipped the scales
Venice’s newest marvel is a wild, acrobatic dolphin. His refusal to leave puts him in danger
Scientists find evidence that an asteroid contains tryptophan













